He began Alchemy and Hermetism or Hermetic philosophy.
Chenoboskion is on Nile River west bank in Upper Egypt.
Nature has interconvertible and mixable elements: earth or solid, fire or energy, air or gas, water or liquid. Metals relate to body parts. Gold represents longevity. Sulfur, as fire and spirit, and mercury, as water and soul, make minerals and metals. Gold has value, because it does not rust and does not change with heat, alkali, or acid. All metals can grow into gold. Philosophers Stone, Elixir of Life, or Red Tincture can change base metal into gold.
Epistemology
Using reason can make people like gods, by removing misconceptions {twelve madnesses} and perceiving the order of nature.
Metaphysics
God is beyond human conception.
Perhaps, she wrote, "One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes the one as the fourth."
He lived 100 to 150. Principles similar to alchemy arose in China from Taoism. Nature has interconvertible and mixable elements: water, fire, wood, gold, and earth.
He lived 410 to 485.
He was Gnostic, and he mentioned Mary the Jewess.
He lived 283 to 343 and was Taoist.
He lived 581 to 673.
He lived ? to 803.
Alchemists were astrologers, animists, philosophers, and healers. Major European alchemists were Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Basil Valentine, and Paracelsus. Alchemists changed metal color, reduced, distilled, calcinated, sublimated, and cupellated. They used a still {alembic} and refluxing apparatus {kerostalsis}. Alchemists hoped to find gentle universal solvent {alkahest}.
He lived 1493 to 1541. He searched for substance {philosopher's stone, Paracelsus} that can control nature by strengthening essence of universe in all things. To mercury and sulfur, he added salt, for body, to have three primary substances {tria prima}.
He lived 1540 to 1616.
He lived 1604 to 1668 and formed sodium sulfate [1625].
He lived 1627 to 1691, invented Boyle's law, and found elements.
He lived 1635 to 1682 and invented a heat theory [1702], in which heat is a substance {phlogiston} {caloric fluid}.
He lived 1660 to 1734 and invented a heat theory [1702], in which heat is a substance {phlogiston, Stahl} {caloric fluid, Stahl}.
He lived 1728 to 1799 and discovered carbon dioxide [1754] and latent heat [1759 to 1763].
He lived 1733 to 1804 and discovered ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide [1793], oxygen, and sulfur dioxide. For the greatest happiness of the greatest number, ruler and ruled interests must integrate, by forcing rulers to depend on ruled to stay in power.
He lived 1743 to 1794, invented definite-proportions law {constant-composition law}, and noted mass conservation.
He lived 1774 to 1836 and found Henry's gas-solubility law [1803].
He lived 1778 to 1850 and invented law of combining volumes and law of Guy-Lussac [1808].
He lived 1766 to 1844 and studied atomic theory, compounds, atomic weights, partial-pressure law, and color blindness.
He lived 1776 to 1856 and calculated Avogadro's number [1811].
He lived 1785 to 1838 and studied heat capacity and invented law of Dulong-Petit [1819].
He lived 1791 to 1820 and studied heat capacity and invented law of Dulong-Petit [1819].
He lived 1805 to 1869 and invented Graham's diffusion law [1829].
He lived 1791 to 1867 and invented Faraday's electrolysis laws [1831] and studied magnetic induction and diamagnetism.
He lived 1802 to 1850 and noted enthalpy changes [1840].
He lived 1814 to 1878, studied energy conservation [1841], and showed that living things use chemical processes for heat and power [1845]. Energy conservation is the only form in which axiom of causality is true.
He lived 1822 to 1888 and noted energy conservation [1850], studied gas kinetic theory, and invented virial theorem. Entropy always increases [1865].
He lived 1826 to 1910 and defined the mole [1858], found atomic weights, and invented molecular formulas.
He lived 1834 to 1907 and invented the periodic law and element periodic table [1869].
He lived 1844 to 1906 and studied entropy and probability [1871].
He lived 1839 to 1903 and studied vectors and thermodynamic equilibrium in many-particle systems.
He lived 1859 to 1927 and studied electrolytic ion solutions [1884].
He lived 1850 to 1936 and invented Le Chatelier's reaction-direction principle [1884].
He lived 1863 to 1922 and studied vaporization entropy. Vaporization entropy is approximately 87 Joules/Kelvin per mole for most liquids {Trouton's rule} [1884].
He lived 1830 to 1901 and invented Raoult's vapor-pressure law [1886].
He lived 1854 to 1919 and studied element emission lines, making Rydberg formula [1888].
He lived 1853 to 1932, studied chemical equilibrium [1900], reaction rates, and color, and invented Ostwald process for nitric acid [1902].
He lived 1887 to 1915 and found atomic numbers [1912].
He lived 1877 to 1945 and studied isotopes [1913].
He lived 1879 to 1947 and discussed acids as proton transfers [1923].
He lived 1875 to 1946 and discussed acids as electron pair acceptors and invented Lewis structures [1923].
He lived 1896 to 1997 and invented Hund's orbital electron-spin rule [1925].
He lived 1898 to 1964 and studied chain reactions [1933].
He lived 1901 to 1994 and studied electronegativity [1932] and protein structure [1951].
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Date Modified: 2022.0225